Plants of Toxicological Importance

CLASS:  Cardiac Poison FAMILY:  Apocynaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: Digoxin-specific antibody  COMMON NAMES:  English: Yellow Oleander Hindi: पीला कनेर Tamil: மஞ்சள் அரளி Kannada: ಹಳದಿ ಅರಳಿ Telugu: పసుపు గన్నేరు TOXIC PARTS: Whole plant, especially the seed kernels FATAL DOSE:  1 seed FATAL PERIOD: Not Available ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Cardiac glycosides such as Cerberin, Thevetin A, Thevetin B, and Neriifolin Leaves Flower

CLASS: Plant irritant FAMILY: Araceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES: English: Arrowhead vine TOXIC PARTS: leaves and stems FATAL DOSE: Unknown FATAL PERIOD: Unknown  ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Insoluble calcium oxalate crystals Picture from the garden Leaves

CLASS:  Spinal poison FAMILY:  Loganiaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote. COMMON NAMES:  English: Nux Vomica Hindi: कुचिला Tamil: எட்டி Kannada: ನಂಜಿನ Telugu: ముష్టి TOXIC PARTS: Seeds and bark are highly toxic FATAL DOSE: 15–30 mg  FATAL PERIOD: 1–2 hours ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Strychnine and brucine  Seeds Fruit

CLASS: Plant irritant FAMILY: Araceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES: English: Peace lily TOXIC PARTS: Leaves, flowers, and pollen FATAL DOSE: Unknown FATAL PERIOD: Unknown ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Insoluble calcium oxalate crystals Flower

CLASS:; Plant irritant FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Castor Bean Hindi: अरंडी Tamil: அமணக்கு Kannada: ಹರಳು Telugu: అముదము TOXIC PARTS: Seeds FATAL DOSE: 5–10 seeds  FATAL PERIOD: within 3–5 days  ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Ricin  Flower Leaves

CLASS: Neurotoxic   FAMILY: Combretaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Rangoon Creeper Hindi: रंगून की बेल Tamil: இறங்கூன் மல்லி  Kannada: ರಂಗೂನ್ ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ  Telugu: రంగూన్ మల్లె TOXIC PARTS: Seeds FATAL DOSE: Large quantities of seeds  FATAL PERIOD: Variable ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Quisqualic acid, trigonelline Flowers

  CLASS:  Plant irritant FAMILY:   Apocynaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE:  no specific antidote  COMMON NAMES:  English: White frangipani Hindi: सफेद चंपा Tamil: பெருங்களி Kannada: ಚಂಪಾ Telugu: తెల్లగన్నెరు  TOXIC PARTS: Sap FATAL DOSE: unknown FATAL PERIOD: unknown ACTIVE PRINCIPLE:  Plumericin Flower 

CLASS:  Plant irritant FAMILY:   Apocynaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE:  No specific antidote  COMMON NAMES:  English: White frangipani Hindi: सफेद चंपा Tamil: பெருங்களி Kannada: ಚಂಪಾ Telugu: తెల్లగన్నెరు  TOXIC PARTS: Sap FATAL DOSE: Unknown FATAL PERIOD: Unknown ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Plumericin Flower 

CLASS:  FAMILY: Plumbaginaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Ceylon Leadwort Hindi: चित्रक  Tamil: சித்திர மூலம்  Kannada: ಚಿತ್ರ ಮೂಲ Telugu: తెల్లచిత్ర మూలం  TOXIC PARTS: Roots, leaves FATAL DOSE: NOT KNOWN FATAL PERIOD: VARIABLE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Plumbagin Flowers Flower bud Picture from the garden

CLASS:  Irritant poison FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English:Devil’s Backbone Hindi: देवडांडी Tamil: நாகதலி Kannada: ನಾಗದಲಿ Telugu: నల్లమల్ల పువ్వు TOXIC PARTS: milky latex  FATAL DOSE: No specific FATAL PERIOD: Not typically fatal ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Diterpene esters, phorbol esters Leaves Plant Picture from the garden

CLASS:  Cardiac Poison FAMILY:  Apocynaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: Digoxin-specific Fab antibody COMMON NAMES:  English:Oleander Hindi: कनेर  Tamil: அரலி  Kannada: ಕನಗಿಲೆ  Telugu: గన్నేరు TOXIC PARTS: Leaves Flowers Stems Roots Seeds FATAL DOSE: 15–20 leaves FATAL PERIOD: first 24–36 hours ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Oleandrin Neriin Tree  Flower  Picture from the garden

CLASS: Gastric irritant FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Bellyache bush Hindi: गैस्सी Tamil: கொழுத்த வேர்க்கு செடி Kannada: ಗಾಸ್ಸಿ ಗಿಡ Telugu: పేచీ మొక్క TOXIC PARTS: Primarily the seeds. FATAL DOSE: few seeds  FATAL PERIOD:  30 minutes to a few hours ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Phorbol esters , Curcin, Ricinine. fruit leaves

CLASS: Plant irritant  FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English:Physic Nut Hindi: रतनजोत Tamil: கட்டமணக்கு Kannada: ಕಡಲ ಹರಳು Telugu: నేపాలము  TOXIC PARTS: Seeds, oil FATAL DOSE: Variable FATAL PERIOD: Variable ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Phorbol esters, curcin Fruits  Flower buds  Leaves Picture from the garden

CLASS:  Hallucinogenic  FAMILY: Convolvulaceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Japanese Morning Glory Hindi: बगीचा बेल  Tamil: காடும்பொன்னொக்கு  Kannada: ಮಂಜುಳ ಹೂವಿನ ಗಿಡ  Telugu: తేనెపువ్వు TOXIC PARTS: Seeds FATAL DOSE: Rarely fatal, 1–2 g/kg seeds can induce hallucination. FATAL PERIOD:  Hours to a day ACTIVE PRINCIPLE:  Lysergic acid amide (LSA), Pharbitin and ergot alkaloids such as chanoclavine, elymoclavine and penniclavine Flowers  Leaves Picture from the garden

CLASS: Plant irritant  FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English:Umbellate spurge Hindi: छत्री Tamil: கட்டு அலார்மதி Kannada: ಛತ್ರ Telugu: ఛత్రపు TOXIC PARTS: Sap FATAL DOSE: Unknown FATAL PERIOD: Unknown ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Diterpenoid esters Picture from the garden Flowers 

CLASS: Plant Irritant   FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Indian spurge Hindi: थुहार  Tamil: அலார்மதி Kannada: ತುಹಾರ Telugu: పెద్దపెన్న TOXIC PARTS: Sap FATAL DOSE: Unknown FATAL PERIOD: Unknown ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Diterpenoid esters Picture from the garden Image of tree

CLASS:  Plant Irritant  FAMILY:  Euphorbiaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Indian spurge Hindi: थुहार  Tamil: அலார்மதி Kannada: ತುಹಾರ Telugu: పెద్దపెన్న TOXIC PARTS: Sap FATAL DOSE:  Unknown FATAL PERIOD: Unknown ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Diterpenoid esters Plant  Picture from the garden 

Class: Plant irritant  FAMILY:  Euphorbiaceae   SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: crown of thorns Hindi: सिज  Tamil: சதியாவர்த்தி Kannada: ಮುಳ್ಳಮುತ್ತರಿ Telugu: బొంత జాముడు  TOXIC PARTS: All parts, especially the milky sap FATAL DOSE: Rarely fatal FATAL PERIOD: Rarely fatal ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Diterpene esters  Picture from the garden Flowers  Flowers and leaves

CLASS:  Plant irritant  FAMILY:  Asparagaceae SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Snake Plant Hindi: साँप का पौधा Tamil: பாம்பு மூக்கு செடி Kannada: ಹಾವುಮೂಳೆ ಗಿಡ Telugu: పాము మొక్క TOXIC PARTS: Leaves (mainly saponins) FATAL DOSE: mildly toxic FATAL PERIOD: Not typically fatal ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Saponins Leaves Picture from the garden

CLASS: Plant Irritant FAMILY:  Araceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote COMMON NAMES:  English: Dumb Cane Hindi: बहरापन पौधा Tamil: மௌனக்கிழங்கு Kannada : ಮೂಕದ ಹಣ್ಣು ಗಿಡ Telugu: మౌన మొక్క TOXIC PARTS: Leaves, stems FATAL DOSE: Rarely fatal  FATAL PERIOD: Few hours ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Calcium oxalate crystals Proteolytic enzymes, oxalic acid, asparagine. leaves Mature leaves               

CLASS:  Deliriant poison FAMILY:  Solanaceae  SPECIFIC ANTIDOTE: Physostigmine  COMMON NAMES:  English: Devil’s Trumpet, Angel’sTrumpet,Thornapple Hindi: धतूरा Tamil: ஊமத்தை Kannada: ಕರಿ ಉಮ್ಮತ್ತಿ Telugu: ఉమ్మెత్త TOXIC PARTS: All parts are toxic, especially the seeds and leaves. FATAL DOSE: As few as 50–100 seeds  FATAL PERIOD: within 24 hours ACTIVE PRINCIPLE: Tropane alkaloids—atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscymine                                    Fruit                Flower           Picture from the garden

Class:  Deliriant poison Family:  Solanaceae  Specific antidote: Physostigmine  Common names:  English: devil’s trumpet, angel’s trumpet, thornapple Hindi: धतूरा Tamil: ஊமத்தை Kannada: ಕರಿ ಉಮ್ಮತ್ತಿ Telugu: ఉమ్మెత్త Toxic parts: All parts are toxic, especially the seeds and leaves. Fatal dose: As few as 50–100 seeds  Fatal period: Within 24 hours Active principle: Tropane alkaloids—atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscymine      Flower      Fruits Picture from the garden